Modification of the epidermal growth factor response by ammonia in renal cell hypertrophy.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) causes proliferation in renal tubular cells but, when it is combined with transforming growth factor-beta1, it causes hypertrophy by a mechanism that requires the activity of the retinoblastoma family of proteins. In contrast, ammonia causes hypertrophy by decreasing lysosomal proteolysis; in some cell types, it also decreases cellular proliferation. These studies were designed to determine whether ammonia, like transforming growth factor-beta1, could convert EGF-induced hyperplasia to hypertrophy. Cultured NRK-52E cells were incubated with EGF and/or ammonia and the protein/DNA ratio was measured, as a marker of hypertrophy. Addition of ammonia to EGF-treated NRK-52E cells converted EGF-induced hyperplasia to hypertrophy, because of a decrease in DNA synthesis. The mechanism involved no change in EGF-induced protein synthesis. Inhibition of lysosomal function with a proton pump inhibitor or lysosomal protease inhibitors also converted the response of EGF-treated cells to hypertrophy. Expression of the human papilloma virus 16 E7 protein (which inactivates all members of the retinoblastoma family) prevented ammonia from converting EGF-induced hyperplasia to hypertrophy. It is concluded that ammonia converts EGF-induced hyperplasia to hypertrophy by a mechanism that involves suppression of lysosomal function and this response can be blocked by inhibiting the activity of the retinoblastoma family of proteins.